alif
alif
- The basic form of alif, historically vocalized as /a:/ or /?/.
baa, taa, thaa
variations
baa
- The baa, used for /b/.
taa
- The taa, used for /t/.
thaa
- The thaa, used for /T/.
jiim, Haa, khaa
variations
jiim
Haa
- The Haa, used for specifically for /X\/.
khaa
- The khaa, used specifically for /x/.
daal, dhaal
variations
daal
- The daal, used for /d/.
dhaal
- The dhaal, used for /D/.
raa, zaay
variations
raa
- The raa, used for /r/.
zaay
- The zaay or zaa, used for /z/.
siin, shiin
variations
siin
- The siin, used for /s/.
shīn
- The shiin, used for /S/.
Saad, Daad
variations
Saad
- The Saad, used for /s?\/
Daad
- The Daad, used for /d?\/
Taa, DHaa
variations
Taa
- The Taa, used for /t?\/.
DHaa
- The DHaa, used for /D?\/ or /z?\/.
ʿayn, ghayn
variations
ʿayn
- The ʿayn, used for /?\/.
ghayn
- The ghayn, used for /G/.
faa
variations
faa
- The faa, used for /f/.
qaaf
- The qaaf, used for /q/ or /g/ in Gulf Arabic.
kaaf
- The kaaf, used for /k/.
laam
- The laam, used for /l/.
laam-alif
- The laam-alif is a ligature used to represent /la:/.
- Variations.
miim
- The miim, used for /m/.
nuun
- The nuun, used for /n/.
haa
- The haa, used for /h/.
taa marbuuTa
- The taa marbuuTa, a variation of the taa, used grammatically to indicate the feminine gender. It can be vocalized as /h/, /t/ or it can be silent, depending on the semantic role of the morpheme.
waaw
- The waaw, used as /w/ and /u:/.
yaa
- The yaa, used as /j/ and /i:/.
alif maqSuura
- The alif maqSuura, used only in the final position to represent /a:/.
Harakaat
fatHa
- Placed over consonants for /a/.
Damma
- Placed over consonants for /u/.
kasra
- Placed below consonants for /i/.
sukuun
- Placed over consonants to indicate the absence of a vowel.
hamza
- Free standing hamza, used for /?/.
- The hamza used as harakaat.
shadda
- Used to indicate gemination.
dagger alif
- Used only in completely vocalized text.
tanwiin al-fatH
- Grammatical ending, used to indicate the accusative of indefinite nouns, pronounced /an/.
tanwiin aD-Damm
- Grammatical ending, used to indicate the nominative of indefinite nouns, pronounced /un/.
tanwiin al-kasr
- Grammatical ending, used to indicate the genitive of indefinite nouns, pronounced /in/.
This guide was compiled by Carl Buck. Some of the original text have been removed. The original version can be found here.